Electronic Warfare and Associated
Terms

acoustic jamming.
The deliberate radiation or reradiation of mechanical or electroacoustic signals with the objectives of obliterating or obscuring signals which the enemy is attempting to receive and of deterring enemy weapon systems.
See also barrage jamming; electronic warfare;jamming spot jamming.

acoustic mine.
A mine with an acoustic circuit which responds to the acoustic field of a ship or sweep.
See also mine.

acoustic minehunting.
The use of a sonar to detect mines or mine-like objects which may be on or protruding from the seabed, or buried.

acoustic warfare.
     Action involving the use of underwater acoustic energy to determine, exploit, reduce or prevent hostile use of the underwater acoustic spectrum and actions which retain friendly use of the underwater acoustic spectrum. There are three divisions within acoustic warfare:
     1. acoustic warfare support measures. That aspect of acoustic warfare involving actions to search for, intercept, locate, record and analyze radiated acoustic energy in water for purpose of exploiting such radiations. The use of acoustic warfare support measures involves no intentional underwater acoustic emission and is generally not detectable by the enemy.
     2. acoustic warfare countermeasures. That aspect of acoustic warfare involving actions taken to prevent or reduce an enemy's effective use of the underwater acoustic spectrum. Acoustic warfare countermeasures involve intentional underwater acoustic emissions for deception and jamming.
     3. acoustic warfare counter-countermeasures. That aspect of acoustic warfare involving actions taken to ensure friendly effective use of the underwater acoustic spectrum despite the enemy's use of underwater acoustic warfare. Acoustic warfare counter-countermeasures involve anti-acoustic warfare support measures and anti-acoustic warfare countermeasures, and may not involve underwater acoustic emissions.

acoustical surveillance.
Employment of electronic devices, including sound-recording,

air superiority.
That degree of dominance in the air battle of one force over another which permits the conduct of operations by the former and its related land, sea and air forces at a given time and place without prohibitive interference by the opposing force.

air supremacy.
That degree of air superiority wherein the opposing air force is incapable of effective interference.

all-source intelligence.
1. Intelligence products and/or organizations and activities that incorporate all sources of information, including, most frequently, human resource intelligence, imagery intelligence, measurement and signature intelligence, signals intelligence, and open source data, in the prproduction of finished intelligence.
2. In intelligence collection, a phrase that indicates that in the satisfaction of intelligence requirements, all collection, processing, exploitation, and reporting systems and resources are identified for possible use and those most capable are tasked.

Application.
1. The system or problem to which a computer is applied. Reference is often made to an application as being either of the computational type, wherein arithmetic computations predominate, or of the data processing type, wherein data handling operations predominate.
2. In the intelligence context, the direct extraction and tailoring of information from an existing foundation of intelligence and near real time reporting. It is focused on and meets specific, narrow requirements, normally on demand.

Architecture.
A framework or structure that portrays relationships among all the elements of the subject force, system, or activity.

area of influence.
A geographical area wherein a commander is directly capable of influencing operations by maneuver or fire support systems normally under the commander&rsquos command or control.

area of intelligence responsibility.
An area allocated to a commander in which the commander is responsible for the provision of intelligence within the means at the commander&rsquos disposal.

area of interest. That area of concern to the commander, including the area of influence, areas adjacent thereto, and extending into enemy territory to the objectives of current or planned operations. This area also includes areas occupied by enemy forces who could jeopardize the accomplishment of the mission.

area of responsibility. 1. The geographical area associated with a combatant command within which a combatant commander has authority to plan and conduct operations. In naval usage, a predefined area of enemy terrain for which supporting ships are responsible for covering by fire on known targets or targets of opportunity and by observation.
Also called AOR.

battle damage assessment.
The timely and accurate estimate of damage resulting from the application of military force, either lethal or non-lethal, against a predetermined objective. Battle damage assessment can be applied to the employment of all types of weapon systems (air, ground, naval, and special forces weapon systems) throughout the range of military operations. Battle damage assessment is primarily an intelligence responsibility with required inputs and coordination from the operators. Battle damage assessment is composed of physical damage assessment, functional damage assessment, and target system assessment.
Also called BDA. See also combat assessment.

camouflage detection photography.
Photography utilizing a special type of film (usually infrared) designed for the detection of camouflage.

camouflage.
The use of natural or artificial material on personnel, objects, or tactical positions with the aim of confusing, misleading, or evading the enemy.

chaff.
Radar confusion reflectors, which consist of thin, narrow metallic strips of various lengths and frequency responses, used to reflect echoes for confusion purposes.

collection (acquisition).
The obtaining of information in any manner, including direct observation, liaison with official agencies, or solicitation from official, unofficial, or public sources.

collection agency.
Any individual, organization, or unit that has access to sources of information and the capability of collecting information from them.
See also agency. collection coordination facility line number - An arbitrary number assigned to contingency intelligence reconnaissance objectives by the Defense Intelligence Agency collection coordination facility to facilitate all-source collection.

collection management.
In intelligence usage, the process of converting intelligence requirements into collection requirements, establishing, tasking or coordinating with appropriate collection sources or agencies, monitoring results and retasking, as required.

collection operations management.
The authoritative direction, scheduling, and control of specific collection operations and associated processing, exploitation, and reporting resources.
Also called COM.

collection plan.
A plan for collecting information from all available sources to meet intelligence requirements and for transforming those requirements into orders and requests to appropriate agencies.

collection requirement.
An established intelligence need considered in the allocation of intelligence resources to fulfill the essential elements of information and other intelligence needs of a commander.

collection requirements management.
The authoritative development and control of collection, processing, exploitation, and/or reporting requirements that normally result in either the direct tasking of assets over which the collection manager has authority, or the generation of single-discipline tasking requests to collection management authorities at a higher, lower, or lateral echelon to accomplish the collection mission.
Also called CRM.

combat assessment.
     The determination of the overall effectiveness of force employment during military operations. Combat assessment is composed of three major components,
     (a) battle damage assessment,
     (b) munitions effects a s s e s s m e n t , a n d
     (c) r e a t t a c k recommendation. The objective of combat assessment is to identify recommendations for the course of military operations. The J-3 is normally the single point of contact for combat assessment at the joint force level, assisted by the joint force J-2.
     Also called CA.

combat information .
Unevaluated data, gathered by or provided directly to the tactical commander which, due to its highly perishable nature or the criticality of the situation, cannot be processed into tactical intelligence in time to satisfy the user&rsquos tactical intelligence requirements.

combat intelligence .
That knowledge of the enemy, weather, and geographical features required by a commander in the planning and conduct of combat operations.

combat surveillance radar .
Radar with the normal function of maintaining continuous watch over a combat area.

combat surveillance .
A continuous, all-weather, day-and-night, systematic watch over the battle area to provide timely information for tactical combat operations.

combatant commander .
A commander in chief of one of the unified or specified combatant commands established by the President.

command and control system .
The facilities, equipment, communications, procedures, and personnel essential to a commander for planning, directing, and controlling operations of assigned forces pursuant to the missions assigned.

command and control warfare .
     The integrated use of operations security (OPSEC), m i l i t a r y d e c e p t i o n , psychological operations (PSYOP), electronic warfare (EW), and physical destruction, mutually supported by intelligence, to deny information to, influence, degrade, or destroy adversary command and control capabilities, while protecting friendly command and control capabilities against such actions. Command and control warfare applies across the operational continuum and all levels of conflict.
     Also called C2W. Command and control warfare is both offensive and defensive:
     a. counter C2&mdash To prevent effective C2 of adversary forces by denying information to, influencing, degrading, or destroying the adversary C2.
     b. C2 protection&mdashTo maintain effective command and control of own forces by turning to friendly advantage or negating adversary efforts to deny information to, influence, degrade, or destroy the friendly C2 system.

command and control .
The exercise of authority and direction by a properly designated commander over assigned and attached forces in the accomplishment of the mission. Command and control functions are performed through an arrangement of personnel, equipment, communications, facilities, and procedures employed by a commander in planning, directing, coordinating, and controlling forces and operations in the accomplishment of the mission.
Also called C2.

command center .
A facility from which a commander and his or her representatives direct operations and control forces. It is organized to gather, process, analyze, display, and disseminate planning and operational data and perform other related tasks.

command, control, communications, and computer systems .
     Integrated systems of doctrine, procedures, organizational structures, personnel, equipment, facilities, and communications designed to support a commander's exercise of command and control across the range of military operations.
     Also called C4 systems.
     See also command and control; tactical command, control, communications, and computer system(s). command controlled stocks. Stocks wh ich are placed at the disposal of a designated NATO commander in order to provide him with a flexibility with which to influence the battle logistically. "Placed at the disposal of" implies responsibility for storage, maintenance, accounting, rotation or turnover, physical security, and subsequent transportation to a particular battle area.

commander&rsquos estimate of the situation .
A logical process of reasoning by which a commander considers all the circumstances affecting the military situation and arrives at a decision as to a course of action to be taken to accomplish the mission. A commander&rsquos estimate which considers a military situation so far in the future as to require major assumptions is called a commander&rsquos long-range estimate of the situation.

communications intelligence data base .
The aggregate of technical and intelligence information derived from the interception and analysis of foreign communications (excluding press, propaganda, and public broadcast) used in the direction and redirection of communications intelligence intercept, analysis, and reporting activities.

communications intelligence .
Technical and intelligence information derived from foreign communications by other than the intended recipients.
Also called COMINT.

communications mark .
An electronic indicator used for directing attention to a particular object or position of mutual interest within or between command and control systems.

communications net .
An organization of stations capable of direct communications on a common channel or frequency.

communications network .
An organization of stations capable of intercommunications, but not necessarily on the same channel.

communications satellite .
     An orbiting vehicle, which relays signals between communications stations.
     There are two types:
     a. Active Communications Satellite&mdashA satellite that receives, regenerates, and retransmits signals between stations;
     b. Passive Communications Satellite&mdashA satellite which reflects communications signals between stations.

communications security equipment .
Equipment designed to provide security to telecommunications by converting information to a form unintelligible to an unauthorized interceptor and by reconverting such information to its original form for authorized recipients, as well as equipment designed specifically to aid in, or as an essential element of, the conversion process. Communications security equipment is cryptoequipment, cryptoancillary equipment, cryptoproduction equipment, and authentication equipment.

communications security material .
All documents, devices, equipment, or apparatus, including cryptomaterial, used in establishing or maintaining secure communications.

communications security monitoring .
The act of listening to, copying, or recording transmissions of one's own circuits (or when specially agreed, e.g., in allied exercises, those of friendly forces) to provide material for communications security analysis in order to determine the degree f security being provided to those transmissions. In particular, the purposes include providing a basis for advising commanders on the security risks resulting from their transmissions, improving the security of communications, and planning and conducting manipulative communications deception operations.

communications security .
     The protection resulting from all measures designed to deny unauthorized persons information of value which might be derived from the possession and study of telecommunications, or to mislead unauthorized persons in their interpretation of the results of such possession and study.
     Also called COMSEC.
     Communications security includes: a. cryptosecurity; b. transmission security; c. emission security; and d. physical security of communications security materials and information.
     a. cryptosecurity&mdashThe component of communications security that results from the provision of technically sound cryptosystems and their proper use.
     b. transmission security. The component of communications security that results from all measures designed to protect transmissions from interception and exploitation by means other than cryptanalysis.
     c. emission security. The component of communications security that results from all measures taken to deny unauthorized persons information of value that might be derived from intercept and analysis of compromising emanations from crypto-equipment and telecommunications systems.
     d. physical security&mdashThe component of communications security that results from all physical measures necessary to safeguard classified equipment, material, and documents from access thereto or observation thereof by unauthorized persons.

Communications System .
The sensitive compartmented information portion of the Defense Information System Network. It incorporates advanced networking technologies that permit point-to-point or multipoint information exchange involving voice, text, graphics, data, and video teleconferencing.
Also called JWICS.

concept of intelligence operations .
A verbal or graphic statement, in broad outline, of a J-2&rsquos assumptions or intent in regard to intelligence support of an operation or series of operations. The concept of intelligence operations, which complements the commander&rsquos concept of operations, is contained in the intelligence annex of operation plans. The concept of intelligence operations is designed to give an overall picture of degree of interoperability should be defined when referring to specific cases.

counterintelligence activities .
The four functions of counterintelligence: operations; investigations; collection and reporting; and analysis, production, and dissemination.

counterintelligence collection .
The systematic acquisition of information (through investigations, operations, or liaison) concerning espionage, sabotage, terrorism, other intelligence activities or assassinations conducted by or on behalf of foreign governments or elements thereof, foreign organizations, or foreign persons which are directed against or threaten Department of Defense interests.

Counterintelligence Investigations .
Counterintelligence investigations establish the elements of proof for prosecution or administrative action. Counterintelligence investigations can provide a basis for or be developed from conducting counterintelligence operations. Counterintelligence investigations are conducted against individuals or groups suspected of committing acts of espionage, sabotage, sedition, subversion, terrorism, and other major security violations as well as failure to follow Defense agency and military Service directives governing reporting of contacts with foreign citizens and "out-of-channel" requests for defense information. Counterintelligence investigations provide military commanders and policymakers with information used to eliminate security vulnerabilities and otherwise to improve the security posture of threatened interests.

counterintelligence production .
The process of analyzing all-source information concerning espionage, or other multidiscipline intelligence collection threats, sabotage, terrorism, and other related threats to US military commanders, the Department of Defense, and the US Intelligence Community and developing it into a final product which is disseminated. Counterintelligence production is used in formulating security policy, plans, and operations.

counterintelligence support .
Conducting counterintelligence activities to protect against espionage and other foreign intelligence activities, sabotage, international terrorist activities, or assassinations conducted for, or on behalf of, foreign powers, organizations, or persons.

counterintelligence .
Information gathered and activities conducted to protect against espionage, other intelligence activities, sabotage, or assassinations conducted by or on behalf of foreign governments or elements thereof, foreign organizations, or foreign persons, or international terrorist activities.
Also called CI.

countermeasures .
That form of military science that, by the employment of devices and/or techniques, has as its objective the impairment of the operational effectiveness of enemy activity.

cruise missile .
Guided missile, the major portion of whose flight path to its target is conducted at approximately constant velocity; depends on the dynamic reaction of air for lift and upon propulsion forces to balance drag. cruising altitude. A level determined by vertical measurement from mean sea level, maintained during a flight or portion thereof.

cryptanalysis .
The steps and operations performed in converting encrypted messages into plain text without initial knowledge of the key employed in the encryption.

cryptochannel .
A complete system of crypto-communications between two or more holders. The basic unit for naval cryptographic communication. It includes: a. the cryptographic aids prescribed; b. the holders thereof; c. the indicators or other means of identification; d. the area or areas in which effective; e. the special purpose, if any, for which provided; and f. pertinent notes as to distribution, usage, etc. A cryptochannel is analogous to a radio circuit.

cryptographic information .
All information significantly descriptive of cryptographic techniques and processes or of cryptographic systems and equipment, or their functions and capabilities, and all cryptomaterial.

cryptologic .
Of or pertaining to cryptology.

cryptology .
The science which deals with hidden, disguised, or encrypted communications. It includes communications security andcommunications intelligence.

cryptomaterial .
All material, including documents, devices, equipment, and apparatus, essential to the encryption, decryption, or authentication of telecommunications. When classified, it is designated CRYPTO and subject to special safeguards.

cryptopart .
A division of a message as prescribed for security reasons. The operating instructions for certain cryptosystems prescribe the number of groups which may be encrypted in the systems, using a single message indicator. Cryptoparts are identified in plain language. They are not to be confused with message parts.

cryptosystem .
The associated items of cryptomaterial that are used as a unit and provide a single means of encryption and decryption.

data.
Representation of facts, concepts, or instructions in a formalized manner suitable for communication, interpretation, or processing by humans or by automatic means. Any representations such as characters or analog quantities to which meaning is or might be assigned.

decoy.
An imitation in any sense of a person, object, or phenomenon which is intended to deceive enemy surveillance devices or mislead enemy evaluation.
Also called dummy.

detection.
     1. In tactical operations, the perception of an object of possible military interest but unconfirmed by recognition.
     2. In surveillance, the determination and transmission by a surveillance system that an event has occurred.
     3. In arms control, the first step in the process of ascertaining the occurrence of a violation of an arms-control agreement.

DEW.
See directed-energy warfare.

directed energy.
     An umbrella term covering technologies that relate to the production of a beam of concentrated electromagnetic energy or atomic or subatomic particles.
     Also called DE.
     See also directed-energy device; directed-energy weapon.

directed-energy device.
A system using directed energy primarily for a purpose other than as a weapon. Directed-energy devices may produce effects that could allow the device to be used as a weapon against certain threats, for example, laser rangefinders and designators used against sensors that are sensitive to light.

directed-energy protective measures.
That division of directed-energy warfare involving actions taken to protect friendly equipment, facilities, and personnel to ensure friendly effective uses of the electromagnetic spectrum that are threatened by hostile directed-energy weapons and devices.

directed-energy warfare.
Military action involving the use of directed-energy weapons, devices, and countermeasures to either cause direct damage or destruction of enemy equipment, facilities, and personnel, or to determine, exploit, reduce, or prevent hostile use of the electromagnetic spectrum through damage, destruction, and disruption. It also includes actions taken to protect friendly equipment, facilities, and personnel and retain friendly use of the electromagnetic spectrum.
Also called DEW.

directed-energy weapon.
A system using directed energy primarily as a direct means to damage or destroy enemy equipment, facilities, and personnel.

dummy message.
A message sent for some purpose other than its content, which may consist of dummy groups or may have a meaningless text.

dummy minefield.
In naval mine warfare, a minefield containing no live mines and presenting only a psychological threat.

dummy run.
Any simulated firing practice, particularly a dive bombing approach made without release of a bomb.
Also called dry run.

dummy.
See decoy.

early warning .
Early notification of the launch or approach of unknown weapons or weapon carriers.

economic warfare .
Aggressive use of economic means to achieve national objectives.

electro-explosive device .
An explosive or pyrotechnic component that initiates an explosive, burning, electrical, or mechanical train and is activated by the application of electrical energy.

electromagnetic compatibility .
The ability of systems, equipment, and devices that utilize the electromagnetic spectrum to operate in their intended operational environments without suffering unacceptable degradation or causing unintentional degradation because of electromagnetic radiation or response. It involves the application of sound electromagnetic spectrum management; system, equipment, and device design configuration that ensures interference-free operation; and clear concepts and doctrines that maximize operational effectiveness.
Also called EMC.

electromagnetic deception .
     The deliberate radiation, reradiation, alteration, suppression, absorption, denial, enhancement, or reflection of electromagnetic energy in a manner intended to convey misleading information to an enemy or to enemy electromagnetic-dependent weapons, thereby degrading or neutralizing the enemy's combat capability. Among the types of electromagnetic deception are:
     a. manipulative electromagnetic deception. Actions to eliminate revealing, or convey misleading, electromagnetic telltale indicators that may be used by hostile forces.
     b. simulative electromagnetic deception. Actions to simulate friendly, notional, or actual capabilities to mislead hostile forces.
     c. imitative electromagnetic deception. The introduction of electromagnetic energy into enemy systems that imitates enemy emissions.

electromagnetic environment .
The resulting product of the power and time distribution, in various frequency ranges, of the radiated or conducted electromagnetic emission levels that may be encountered by a military force, system, or platform when performing its assigned mission in its intended operational environment. It is the sum of electromagnetic interference; electromagnetic pulse; hazards of electromagnetic radiation to personnel, ordnance, and volatile materials; and natural phenomena effects of lightning and p-static.
Also called EME.

electromagnetic environmental effects .
The upon the operational capability of military forces, equipment, systems, and platforms. It encompasses all electromagnetic disciplines, including electromagnetic compatibility/electromagnetic interference; electromagnetic vulnerability; electromagnetic pulse; electronic protection, hazards of electromagnetic radiation to personnel, ordnance, and volatile materials; and natural phenomena effects of lightning and p-static.
Also called E3.

electromagnetic hardening .
Action taken to protect personnel, facilities, and/or equipment by filtering, attenuating, grounding, bonding, and/or shielding against undesirable effects of electromagnetic energy.

electromagnetic interference .
Any electromagnetic disturbance that interrupts, obstructs, or otherwise degrades or limits the effective performance of electronics/electrical equipment. It can be induced intentionally, as in some forms of electronic warfare, or unintentionally, as a result of spurious emissions and responses, intermodulation products, and the like.
Also called EMI.

electromagnetic intrusion .
The intentional insertion of electromagnetic energy into transmission paths in any manner, with the objective of deceiving operators or of causing confusion.

electromagnetic jamming .
The deliberate radiation, reradiation, or reflection of electromagnetic energy for the purpose of preventing or reducing an enemy's effective use of the electromagnetic spectrum, and with the intent of degrading or neutralizing the enemy's combat capability.

electromagnetic pulse .
The electromagnetic radiation from a nuclear explosion caused by Compton-recoil electrons and photoelectrons from photons scattered in the materials of the nuclear device or in a surrounding medium. The resulting electric and magnetic fields may couple with electrical/electronic systems to produce damaging current and voltage surges. May also be caused by nonnuclear means.
Also called EMP.

electromagnetic radiation hazards .
     Hazards caused by a transmitter/antenna installation that generates electromagnetic radiation in the vicinity of ordnance, personnel, or fueling operations in excess of established safe levels or increases the existing levels to a hazardous level; or a personnel, fueling, or ordnance installation located in an area that is illuminated by electromagnetic radiation at a level that is hazardous to the planned operations or occupancy. These hazards will exist when an electromagnetic field of sufficient intensity is generated to:
     a. Induce or otherwise couple currents and/or voltages of magnitudes large enough to initiate electroexplosive devices or other sensitive explosive components of weapon systems, ordnance, or explosive devices.
     b. Cause harmful or injurious effects to humans and wildlife.
     c. Create sparks having sufficient magnitude to ignite flammable mixtures of materials that must be handled in the affected area.
     Also called EMR Hazards, RADHAZ, HERO.

electromagnetic radiation .
Radiation made up of oscillating electric and magnetic fields and propagated with the speed of light. Includes gamma radiation, X-rays, ultraviolet, visible, and infrared radiation, and radar and radio waves.

electromagnetic spectrum .
The range of frequencies of electromagnetic radiation from zero to infinity. It is divided into 26 alphabetically designated bands.

electromagnetic vulnerability .
The characteristics of a system that cause it to suffer a definite degradation (incapability to perform the designated mission) as a result of having been subjected to a certain level of electromagnetic environmental effects.
Also called EMV.

electronic attack .
See electronic warfare.

electronic imagery dissemination .
     The transmission of imagery or imagery products by any electronic means. This includes the following four categories:
     a. primary imagery dissemination system. The equipment and procedures used in the electronic transmission and receipt of un-exploited original or near-original quality imagery in near-real time.
     b. primary imagery disseminationThe electronic transmission and receipt of unexploited original or near-original quality imagery in near-real time through a primary imagery dissemination system.
     c. secondary imagery dissemination system; The equipment and procedures used in the electronic transmission and receipt of exploited non-original quality imagery and imagery products in other than real or near-real time.
     d. secondary imagery disseminationThe electronic transmission and receipt of exploited non-original quality imagery and imagery products in other than real or near-real time through a secondary imagery dissemination system.

electronic line of sight .
The path traversed by electromagnetic waves that is not subject to reflection or refraction by the atmosphere.

electronic masking .
The controlled radiation of electromagnetic energy on friendly frequencies in a manner to protect the emissions of friendly communications and electronic systems against enemy electronic warfare support measures/signals intelligence, without significantly degrading the operation of friendly systems.

electronic probing
Intentional radiation designed to be introduced into the devices or systems of potential enemies for the purpose of learning the functions and operational capabilities of the devices or systems.

electronic protection .
See electronic warfare.

electronic reconnaissance .
The detection, identification, evaluation, and location of foreign electromagnetic radiations emanating from other than nuclear detonations or radioactive sources.

electronic warfare frequency deconfliction .
Actions taken to integrate those frequencies used by electronic warfare systems into the overall frequency deconfliction process.

electronic warfare .
     Any military action involving the use of electromagnetic and directed energy to control the electromagnetic spectrum or to attack the enemy.
     Also called EW. The three major subdivisions within electronic warfare are: electronic attack, electronic protection, and electronic warfare support.
     a. electronic attack. That division of electronic warfare involving the use of electromagnetic or directed energy to attack personnel, facilities, or equipment with the intent of degrading, neutralizing, or destroying enemy combat capability.
     Also called EA. EA includes:
       1) actions taken to prevent or reduce an enemy's effective use of the electromagnetic spectrum, such as jamming and electromagnetic deception, and
       2) employment of weapons that use either electromagnetic or directed energy as their primary destructive mechanism (lasers, radio frequency weapons, particle beams).
     b. electronic protection. That division of electronic warfare involving actions taken to protect personnel, facilities, and equipment from any effects of friendly or enemy employment of electronic warfare that degrade, neutralize, or destroy friendly combat capability.
     Also called EP.
     c. electronic warfare support. That division of electronic warfare involving actions tasked by, or under direct control of, an operational commander to search for, intercept, identify, and locate sources of intentional and unintentional radiated electromagnetic energy for the purpose of immediate threat recognition. Thus, electronic warfare support provides information required for immediate decisions involving electronic warfare operations and other tactical actions such as threat avoidance, targeting, and homing.
     Also called ES. Electronic warfare support data can be used to produce signals intelligence(SIGINT), both communications intelligence (COMINT), and electronics intelligence (ELINT).

electronics intelligence .
Technical and geolocation intelligence derived from foreign non-communications electromagnetic radiations emanating from other than nuclear detonations or radioactive sources.
Also called ELINT.

electronics security .
The protection resulting from all measures designed to deny unauthorized persons information of value that might be derived from their interception and study of noncommunications electromagnetic radiations, e.g., radar.

emission control orders .
Orders, referred to as EMCON orders, used to authorize, control, or prohibit the use of electronic emission equipment.

emission control .
     The selective and controlled use of electromagnetic, acoustic, or other emitters to optimize command and control capabilities while minimizing, for operations security:
     a. detection by enemy sensors;
     b. minimize mutual interference among friendly systems; and/or
     c. execute a military deception plan.
     Also called EMCON.

encrypt .
To convert plain text into unintelligible forms by means of a cryptosystem. (Note: The term encrypt covers the meanings of encipher and encode.)
See also cryptosystem.

fire control radar.
Radar used to provide target information inputs to a weapon fire control system.

fire control system.
A group of interrelated fire control equipments and/or instruments designed for use with a weapon or group of weapons.

FISINT.
See foreign instrumentation signals intelligence.

FLOT.
See forward line of own troops.

FOB.
See forward operations base.

FOD.
See foreign object damage.

force protection.
Security program designed to protect soldiers, civilian employees, family members, facilities, and equipment, in all locations and situations, accomplished through planned and integrated application of combatting terrorism, physical security, operations security, personal protective services, and supported by intelligence, counterintelligence, and other security programs.

foreign instrumentation signals intelligence.
     Technical information and intelligence information derived from the intercept of foreign instrumentation signals by other than the intended recipients. Foreign instrumentation signals intelligence is a category of signals intelligence.
     Note: Foreign instrumentation signals include but are not limited to signals from telemetry, radio beacons, electronic interrogators, tracking/fusing/arming/firing command systems, and video data links.
     Also called FISINT.

frequency deconfliction.
A systematic management procedure to coordinate the use of the electromagnetic spectrum for operations, communications, and intelligence functions. Frequency deconfliction is one element of electromagnetic spectrum management.

general military intelligence.
     Intelligence concerning the
     (1) military capabilities of foreign countries or organizations or
     (2) topics affecting potential US or allied military operations, relating to the following subjects: armed forces capabilities, including order of battle, organization, training, tactics, doctrine, strategy, and other factors bearing on military strength and effectiveness; area and terrain intelligence, including urban areas, coasts and landing beaches, and meteorological, oceanographic, and geological intelligence; transportation in all modes; military materiel roduction and support industries; military and civilian C3 systems; military economics, including foreign military assistance; insurgency and terrorism; military-political-sociological intelligence; location, identification, and description of military-related installations; government control; escape and evasion; and threats and forecasts. (Excludes scientific and technical intelligence.)
     Also called GMI.

global information infrastructure.
The worldwide sum of all interconnected information systems and the systems that connect them.
Also called GII.

guarded frequencies.
Enemy frequencies that are currently being exploited for combat information and intelligence. A guarded frequency is time-oriented in that the guarded frequency list changes as the enemy assumes different combat postures. These frequencies may be jammed after the commander has weighed the potential operational gain against the loss of the technical information.

guidance coverage.
That volume of space in which guidance information (azimuth and/or elevation and/or distance) is provided to aircraft to the specified performance and accuracy. This may be specified either with relation to airfield/airstrip geometry, making assumptions about deployment of ground equipment, or with relation to the coverage provided by individual ground units.

guidance station equipment.
The ground-based portion of the missile guidance system necessary to provide guidance during missile flight.

guidance.
1. Policy, direction, decision, or instruction having the effect of an order when promulgated by a higher echelon.
2. The entire process by which target intelligence information received by the guided missile is used to effect proper flight control to cause timely direction changes for effective target interception.

guide specification.
Minimum requirements to be used as a basis for the evaluation of a national specification covering a fuel, lubricant or associated product proposed for standardization action.

guided missile cruiser.
A warship designed to operate with strike and amphibious forces against air, surface, and subsurface threats. Normal armaments consist of 5-inch guns, an advanced area-defense antiair-warfare missile system, and antisubmarine-warfare weapons. Designated as CG.

guided missile destroyer.
For mission, see destroyer. This destroyer type is equipped with Standard guided missiles, naval guns, long-range sonar, and antisubmarine-warfare weapons, including ASROC. Designated as DDG.

guided missile equipment carrier.
A self-propelled, full-tracked, amphibious, air transportable, unarmored carrier for various guided missile systems and their equipment.

guided missile frigate.
Equipped with Standard missile launchers, 5"/54 or 76-mm gun battery, torpedoes, embarked helicopters, and towed array sonar. Designated as FFG.
See also frigate.

guided missile submarine.
A submarine designed to have an additional capability to launch guided missile attacks. Designated as SSG and SSGN. The SSGN is nuclear powered.

guided missile.
An unmanned vehicle moving above the surface of the Earth whose trajectory or flight path is capable of being altered by an external or internal mechanism.

Harpoon.
An all-weather, anti-ship cruise missile capable of being employed from surface ships (RGM-84), aircraft (AGM-84A) or submarines (UGM-84). The missile is turbojet powered and employs a low level cruise trajectory. Terminal guidance is active radar. A 500-pound conventional warhead is employed.

Hawk.
A mobile air defense artillery, surface-to-air missile system that provides non-nuclear, low to medium altitude air defense coverage for ground forces. Designated as MIM-23.

Hawkeye.
A twin turboprop, multicrew airborne early warning and interceptor control aircraft designed to operate from aircraft carriers. It carries a long-range radar and integrated computer system for the detection and tracking of airborne targets at all altitudes. Designated as E-2.

head-up display.
A display of flight, navigation, attack, or other information superimposed upon the pilot's forward field of view.

Hornet.
A twin-engine supersonic, fighter/attack aircraft. The C (single-seat) and D (dual-seat) models have an all-weather intercept, identify and destroy capability. The Hornet is equipped with an electronic self-protection jammer, and is both air-to-air and air-to-ground capable. It is designed to operate from both land bases and aircraft carriers. Designated as F/A-18.

human intelligence.
A category of intelligence derived from information collected and provided by human sources.
Also called HUMINT.

identification, friend or foe .
A system using electromagnetic transmissions to which equipment carried by friendly forces automatically responds, for example, by emitting pulses, thereby distinguishing themselves from enemy forces.
Also called IFF.

identification .
1. The process of determining the friendly or hostile character of an unknown detected contact.
2. In arms control, the process of determining which nation is responsible for the detected violations of any arms control measure. 3. In ground combat operations, discrimination between recognizable objects as being friendly or enemy, or the name that belongs to the object as a member of a class.

imagery intelligence .
     Intelligence derived from the exploitation of collection by visual photography, infrared sensors, lasers, electro-optics, and radar sensors such as synthetic aperture radar wherein images of objects are reproduced optically or electronically on film, electronic display devices, or other media.
     Also called IMINT.
     See also intelligence ; photographic intelligence.

imagery interpretation key .
Any diagram, chart, table, list, or set of examples, etc., which is used to aid imagery interpreters in the rapid identification of objects visible on imagery.

imagery interpretation .
1. The process of location, recognition, identification, and description of objects, activities, and terrain represented on imagery. (NATO)
2. The extraction of information from photographs or other recorded images.

imitative communications deception .
That division of deception involving the introduction of false or misleading but plausible communications into target systems that mimics or imitates the targeted communications.

information superiority .
That degree of dominance in the information domain which permits the conduct of operations without effective opposition.

information system .
The organized collection, processing, transmission, and dissemination of information, in accordance with defined procedures, whether automated or manual. In information warfare, this includes the entire infrastructure, organization, and components that collect, process, store, transmit, display, disseminate, and act on information.

information warfare .
Actions taken to achieve information superiority by affecting adversary information, information-based processes, information systems, and computer-based networks while defending one&rsquos own information, information-based processes, information systems, and computer-based networks.
Also called IW.

information .
Facts, data, or instructions in any medium or form.

infrared film .
Film carrying an emulsion especially sensitive to "near-infrared." Used to photograph through haze, because of the penetrating power of infrared light; and in camouflage detection to distinguish between living vegetation and dead vegetation or artificial green pigment.

infrared imagery .
That imagery produced as a result of sensing electromagnetic radiations emitted or reflected from a given target surface in the infrared position of the electromagnetic spectrum (approximately 0.72 to 1,000 microns).

infrared linescan system .
A passive airborne infrared recording system which scans across the ground beneath the flight path, adding successive lines to the record as the vehicle advances along the flight path.

infrared photography .
Photography employing an optical system and direct image recording on film sensitive to near-infrared wavelength (infrared film).
Note: Not to be confused with infrared imagery.

infrared radiation .
Radiation emitted or reflected in the infrared portion of the electromagnetic spectrum .

integrated warfare .
The conduct of military operations in any combat environment wherein opposing forces employ non-conventional weapons in combination with conventional weapons.

integrating circuit .
A circuit whose actuation is dependent on the time integral of a function of the influence.

intelligence annex .
A supporting document of an operation plan or order that provides detailed information on the enemy situation, assignment of intelligence tasks, and intelligence administrative procedures.

intelligence collection plan .
A plan for gathering information from all available sources to meet an intelligence requirement. Specifically, a logical plan for transforming the essential elements of information into orders or requests to sources within a required time limit.
See also intelligence cycle.

intelligence contingency funds .
Appropriated funds to be used for intelligence activities when the use of other funds is not applicable or would either jeopardize or impede the mission of the intelligence unit.

intelligence cycle .
     The steps by which information is converted into intelligence and made available to users. There are five steps in the cycle:
     a. planning and direction. Determination of intelligence requirements, preparation of a collection plan, issuance of orders and requests to information collection agencies, and a continuous check on the productivity of collection agencies.
     b. collection. Acquisition of information and the provision of this information to processing and/or production elements.
     c. processing. Conversion of collected information into a form suitable to the production of intelligence.
     d.production. Conversion of information into intelligence through the integration, analysis, evaluation, and interpretation of all source data and the preparation of intelligence products in support of known or anticipated user requirements.
     e. dissemination. Conveyance of intelligence to users in a suitable form. intelligence data base. The sum of holdings of intelligence data and finished intelligence products at a given organization.

intelligence data handling systems .
Information systems that process and manipulate raw information and intelligence data as required. They are characterized by the application of general purpose computers, peripheral equipment, and automated storage and retrieval equipment for documents and photographs. While automation is a distinguishing characteristic of intelligence data handling systems, individual system components may be either automated or manually operated.

intelligence doctrine .
Fundamental principles that guide the preparation and subsequent provision of intelligence to a commander and staff to aid in planning and conducting military operations.
See also doctrine; joint doctrine; joint intelligence doctrine.

intelligence estimate .
The appraisal, expressed in writing or orally, of available intelligence relating to a specific situation or condition with a view to determining the courses of action open to the enemy or potential enemy and the order of probability of their adoption.

intelligence journal .
A chronological log of intelligence activities covering a stated period, usually 24 hours. It is an index of reports and messages that have been received and transmitted, and of important events that have occurred, and actions taken. The journal is a permanent and official record.

intelligence operations .
The variety of intelligence tasks that are carried out by various intelligence organizations and activities. Predominantly, it refers to either intelligence collection or intelligence production activities. When used in the context of intelligence collection activities, intelligence operations refer to collection, processing, exploitation, and reporting of information. When used in the context of intelligence production activities, it refers to collation, integration, interpretation, and analysis, leading to the dissemination of a finished product.

intelligence preparation of the battlespace .
An analytical methodology employed to reduce uncertainties concerning the enemy, environment, and terrain for all types of operations. Intelligence preparation of the battlespace builds an extensive data base for each potential area in which a unit may be required to operate. The data base is then analyzed in detail to determine the impact of the enemy, environment, and terrain on operations and presents it in graphic form. Intelligence preparation of the battlespace is a continuing process.
Also called IPB.

intelligence report .
A specific report of information, usually on a single item, made at any level of command in tactical operations and disseminated as rapidly as possible in keeping with the timeliness of the information.
Also called INTREP.

intelligence reporting .
The preparation and conveyance of information by any means. More commonly, the term is restricted to reports as they are prepared by the collector and as they are transmitted by the collector to the latter's headquarters and by this component of the intelligence structure to one or more intelligence-producing components. Thus, even in this limited sense, reporting embraces both collection and dissemination. The term is applied to normal and specialist intelligence reports.
See also normal intelligence reports; specialist intelligence reports.

intelligence requirement .
Any subject, general or specific, upon which there is a need for the collection of information, or the production of intelligence.
See also essential elements of information; priority intelligence requirements.

intelligence subject code .
A system of subject and area references to index the information contained in intelligence reports as required by a general intelligence document reference service.

intelligence summary .
A specific report providing a summary of items of intelligence at frequent intervals.
See also intelligence. intelligence system. Any formal or informal system to manage data gathering, to obtain and process the data, to interpret the data, and to provide reasoned judgments to decisionmakers as a basis for action. The term is not limited to intelligence organizations or services but includes any system, in all its parts, that accomplishes the listed tasks.

intelligence .
     1. The product resulting from the collection, processing, integration, analysis, evaluation, and interpretation of available information concerning foreign countries or areas.
     2. Information and knowledge about an adversary obtained through observation, investigation, analysis, or understanding.
     See also acoustic intelligence; all-source intelligence; basic intelligence; civil defense intelligence; combat intelligence; communications intelligence; critical intelligence; current intelligence; departmental intelligence; domestic intelligence; electronics intelligence; electro-optical intelligence; escape and evasion intelligence; foreign intelligence; foreign instrumentation signals intelligence; general military intelligence; human resources intelligence; imagery intelligence; joint intelligence; laser intelligence; measurement and signature intelligence; medical intelligence; merchant intelligence; military intelligence; national intelligence; nuclear intelligence; open source intelligence; operational intelligence; photographic intelligence; political intelligence; radar intelligence; radiation intelligence; scientific and technical intelligence; security intelligence; strategic intelligence; tactical intelligence; target intelligence; technical intelligence; technical operational intelligence; telemetry intelligence; terrain intelligence; unintentional radiation intelligence.

intelligence-related activities .
     1. Those activities outside the consolidated defense intelligence program which:
         a. Respond to operational commanders' tasking for time-sensitive information on foreign entities;
         b. Respond to national intelligence community tasking of systems whose primary mission is support to operating forces;
         c. Train personnel for intelligence duties;
         d. Provide an intelligence reserve; or
         e. Are devoted to research and development of intelligence or related capabilities.
     2. Specifically excluded are programs which are so closely integrated with a weapon system that their primary function is to provide immediate-use targeting data.

intensity factor .
A multiplying factor used in planning activities to evaluate the foreseeable intensity or the specific nature of an operation in a given area for a given period of time. It is applied to the standard day of supply in order to calculate the combat day of supply.

intensity mine circuit .
A circuit whose actuation is dependent on the field strength reaching a level differing by some pre-set minimum from that experienced by the mine when no ships are in the vicinity.

intensive management .
The continuous process by which the supported and supporting commanders, the Services, transportation component commands, and appropriate Defense agencies ensure that movement data in the Joint Operation Planning and Execution System time-phased force and deployment data for the initial days of deployment and/or mobilization are current to support immediate

intercept point .
The point to which an airborne vehicle is vectored or guided to complete an interception.

intercept receiver .
A receiver designed to detect and provide visual and/or aural indication of electromagnetic emissions occurring within the particular portion of the electro-magnetic spectrum to which it is tuned.

interchangeability .
A condition which exists when two or more items possess such functional and physical characteristics as to be equivalent in performance and durability, and are capable of being exchanged one for the other without alteration of the items themselves, or of adjoining items, except for adjustment, and without selection for fit and performance.
See also compatibility.

ionization .
The process of producing ions by the removal of electrons from, or the addition of electrons to, atoms or molecules.

ionosphere .
That part of the atmosphere, extending from about 70 to 500 kilometers, in which ions and free electrons exist in sufficient quantities to reflect electromagnetic waves.

Joint Worldwide Intelligence Communications System .
The sensitive compartmented information portion of the Defense Information System Network. It incorporates advanced networking technologies that permit point-to-point or multipoint information exchange involving voice, text, graphics, data, and video teleconferencing.
Also called JWICS.

jamming .
See barrage jamming; electronic attack; electromagnetic jamming ; selective jamming; spot jamming.

joint captured materiel exploitation center .
Physical location for deriving intelligence information from captured enemy materiel. It is normally subordinate to the joint force/J-2.
Also called JCMEC.

joint deployable intelligence support system .
A transportable workstation and communications suite that electronically extends a joint intelligence center to a joint task force or other tactical user.
Also called JDISS.

joint doctrine .
Fundamental principles that guide the employment of forces of two or more Services in coordinated action toward a common objective. It will be promulgated by the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, in coordination with the combatant commands, Services, and Joint Staff.

joint force commander .
A general term applied to a combatant commander, subunified commander, or joint task force commander authorized to exercise combatant command or operational control over a joint force.
Also called JFC.

joint force .
A general term applied to a force composed of significant elements, assigned or attached, of two or more Military Departments, operating under a single joint force commander.

joint intelligence architecture .
A dynamic, flexible structure that consists of the National Military Joint Intelligence Center, the theater joint intelligence centers, and subordinate joint force joint intelligence centers. This architecture encompasses automated data processing equipment capabilities, communications and information flow requirements, and responsibilities to provide theater and tactical commanders with the full range of intelligence required for planning and conducting operations.

joint intelligence center .
The intelligence center of the joint force headquarters. The joint intelligence center is responsible for providing and producing the intelligence required to support the joint force commander and staff, components, task forces and elements, and the national intelligence community.
Also called JIC.

joint intelligence doctrine .
Fundamental principles that guide the preparation of intelligence and the subsequent provision of intelligence to support military forces of two or more Services employed in coordinated action.

joint intelligence liaison element .
A liaison element provided by the Central Intelligence Agency in support of a unified command or joint task force. and sustainment of operating forces of two or more Services of the same nation.

joint intelligence .
Intelligence produced by elements of more than one Service of the same nation.

joint interrogation facility .
Physical location for systematic interrogation of enemy prisoners of war to derive tactical intelligence in support of the joint force commander. It is normally subordinate to the joint intelligence center.
Also called JIF.

joint operations area .
That portion of an area of conflict in which a joint force commander conducts military operations pursuant to an assigned mission and the administration incident to such military operations.
Also called JOA.

Joint Tactical Air Reconnaissance/Surveillance Mission Report .
A preliminary report of information from tactical reconnaissance aircrews rendered by designated debriefing personnel immediately after landing and dispatched prior to compilation of the Initial Photo Interpretation Report. It provides a summary of the route conditions, observations, and aircrew actions and identifies sensor products. Also called MISREP. Joint Technical Coordinating Group for Munitions Effectiveness. A Joint Staff level organization tasked to produce generic target vulnerability and weaponeering studies. The special operations working group is a subordinate organization specializing in studies for special operations.
Also called JTCG-ME.

joint task force .
A joint force that is constituted and so designated by the Secretary of Defense, a combatant commander, a subordinate unified command commander, or an existing joint task force commander.

laser designator .
A device that emits a beam of laser energy which is used to mark a specific place or object.

laser guidance unit .
A device which incorporates a laser seeker to provide guidance commands to the control system of a missile, projectile or bomb.

laser guided weapon .
A weapon which uses a seeker to detect laser energy reflected from a laser marked/designated target and through signal processing provides guidance commands to a control system which guides the weapon to the point from which the laser energy is being reflected.

laser illuminator .
A device for enhancing the illumination in a zone of action by irradiating with a laser beam.

laser intelligence .
Technical and geo-location intelligence derived from laser systems; a subcategory of electro-optical intelligence.
Also called LASINT.

laser linescan system .
An active airborne imagery recording system which uses a laser as the primary source of illumination to scan the ground beneath the flight path, adding successive across-track lines to the record as the vehicle advances.
See also infrared linescan system.

laser pulse duration .
The time during which the laser output pulse power remains continuously above half its maximum value.

laser rangefinder .
A device which uses laser energy for determining the distance from the device to a place or object.

laser seeker .
A device based on a direction sensitive receiver which detects the energy reflected from a laser designated target and defines the direction of the target relative to the receiver.
See also laser guided weapon.

laser target designating system .
A system which is used to direct (aim or point) laser energy at a target. The system consists of the laser designator or laser target marker with its display and control components necessary to acquire the target and direct the beam of laser energy thereon.

laser target marker .
See laser designator.

laser target marking system .
See laser target designating system.

laser tracker .
A device which locks on to the reflected energy from a laser marked/designated target and defines the direction of the target relative to itself.

leveraging .
The effective use of information, information systems, and technology to increase the means and synergy in accomplishing information warfare strategy.

mapping, charting, and geodesy .
Maps, charts, and other data used for military planning, operations, and training. These products and data support air, land, and sea navigation; weapon system guidance; target positioning; and other military activities. These data are presented in the forms of topographic, planimetric, imaged, or thematic maps and graphics; nautical and aeronautical charts and publications; and, in digital and textual formats, gazetteers, which contain geophysical and geodetic data and coordinate lists.
Also called MC&G.

measurement and signature intelligence .
     Scientific and technical intelligence information obtained by quantitative and qualitative analysis of data (metric, angle, spatial, wavelength, time dependence, modulation, plasma, and hydromagnetic) derived from specific technical sensors for the purpose of identifying any distinctive features associated with the source, emitter, or sender and to facilitate subsequent identification and/or measurement of the same.
     Also called MASINT.
     Note: MASINT includes: Acoustical Intelligence (ACINT), Optical Intelligence (OPTINT), Electro-optical Intelligence (ELECTRO-OPTICAL), Infrared Intelligence (IRINT), Laser Intelligence (LASINT), and Unintentional Radiation Intelligence (RINT).

medical intelligence .
That category of intelligence resulting from collection, evaluation, analysis, and interpretation of foreign medical, bio-scientific, and environmental information which is of interest to strategic planning and to military medical planning and operations for the conservation of the fighting strength of friendly forces and the formation of assessments of foreign medical capabilities in both military and civilian sectors.

military deception .
     Actions executed to deliberately mislead adversary military decisionmakers as to friendly military capabilities, intentions, and operations, thereby causing the adversary to take specific actions (or inactions) that will contribute to the accomplishment of the friendly mission. The five categories of military deception are :
     a. strategic military deception&mdashMilitary deception planned and executed by and in support of senior military commanders to result in adversary military policies and actions that support the originator's strategic military objectives, policies, and operations.
     b. operational military deception&mdashMilitary deception planned and executed by and in support of operational-level commanders to result in adversary actions that are favorable to the originator's objectives and operations. Operational military deception is planned and conducted in a theater of war to support campaigns and major operations.
     c. tactical military deception. Military deception planned and executed by and in support of tactical commanders to result in adversary actions that are favorable to the originator's objectives and operations. Tactical military deception is planned and conducted to support battles and engagements.
     d. Service military eception. Military deception planned and executed by the Services that pertain to Service support to joint operations. Service military deception is designed to protect and enhance the combat capabilities of Service forces and systems.
     e. military deception in support of operations security (OPSEC). Military deception planned and executed by and in support of all levels of command to support the prevention of the inadvertent compromise of sensitive or classified activities, capabilities, or intentions. Deceptive OPSEC measures are designed to distract foreign intelligence away from, or provide cover for, military operations and activities.

military geographic information .
Comprises the information concerning physical aspects, resources, and artificial features which is necessary for planning and operations.

military geography .
The specialized field of geography dealing with natural and manmade physical features that may affect the planning and conduct of military operations.

Military Intelligence Board .
A decisionmaking forum which formulates Defense intelligence policy and programming priorities. The Military Intelligence Board, chaired by the Director, Defense Intelligence Agency, who is dual-hatted as Director of Military Intelligence, consists of senior military and civilian intelligence officials of each Service, US Coast Guard, each Combat Support Agency, the Joint Staff/J-2/J-6, Deputy Assistant ecretary of Defense (Intelligence), Intelligence Program Support Group, National Military Intelligence Production Center, National Military Intelligence Collection Center, National Military Intelligence Support Center, and the combatant command J-2s.
Also called MIB.

Military Intelligence Integrated Data System/Integrated Data Base .
An architectural concept for improving the manner in which military intelligence is analyzed, stored and disseminated. The Integrated Data Base (IDB) forms the core data base for the Military Intelligence Integrated Data System (MIIDS) program. It integrates the data resident in the Automated Installation Intelligence File (AIF), and the Defense Intelligence Order of Battle System (DIOBS) data files, the DIA equipment file, and selected Electronic Warfare (EW) and Command, Control and Communications data. The Integrated Data Base is the national-level repository for the general military intelligence information available to the entire DODIIS community and maintained by DIA and the commands under the Distributed Production Program. The Distributed Production Program delegates responsibility for maintaining each portion of the IDB. The DIA and commands&rsquo IDBs are kept synchronized by system transactions to disseminate updates.
Also called MIIDS/IDB.

military intelligence .
Intelligence on any foreign military or military-related situation or activity which is significant to military policy-making or the planning and conduct of military operations and activities. and which are not forbidden by the laws of war.

military strategy .
The art and science of employing the armed forces of a nation to secure the objectives of national policy by the application of force or the threat of force.

moving target indicator .
A radar presentation which shows only targets which are in motion. Signals from stationary targets are subtracted out of the return signal by the output of a suitable memory circuit.

multi-spectral imagery .
The image of an object obtained simultaneously in a number of discrete spectral bands.

national intelligence estimate .
A strategic estimate of the capabilities, vulnerabilities, and probable courses of action of foreign nations which is produced at the national level as a composite of the views of the intelligence community.

national intelligence support team .
A nationally sourced team composed of intelligence and communications experts from either Defense Intelligence Agency, Central Intelligence Agency, National Security Agency, or any combination of these agencies.
Also called NIST.

national intelligence surveys .
Basic intelligence studies produced on a coordinated interdepartmental basis and concerned with characteristics, basic resources, and relatively unchanging natural features of a foreign country or other area.

national intelligence .
Integrated departmental intelligence that covers the broad aspects of national policy and national security, is of concern to more than one department or agency, and transcends the exclusive competence of a single department or agency.

National Reconnaissance Office .
A Department of Defense agency tasked to ensure that the United States has the technology and spaceborne and airborne assets needed to acquire intelligence worldwide, including support to such functions as monitoring of arms control agreements, indications and warning, and the planning and conducting of military operations. This mission is accomplished through research and development, acquisition, and operation of spaceborne and airborne intelligence data collection systems.
Also called NRO.

National Security Agency/Central Security Service Representative .
     The senior theater or military command representative of the Director, National Security Agency/Chief, Central Security Service in a specific country or military command headquarters who provides the Director, National Security Agency, with information on command plans requiring cryptologic support. The National Security Agency/Central Security Service Representative serves as a special advisor to the combatant commander for cryptologic matters, to include signals intelligece, communications security, and computer security.
     Also called NCR.
     See also counterintelligence.

National Security Council .
A governmental body specifically designed to assist the President in integrating all spheres of national security policy. The President, Vice President, Secretary of State, and Secretary of Defense are statutory members. The Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff; Director, Central Intelligence Agency; and the Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs serve as advisers.
Also called NSC.

national security interests .
The foundation for the development of valid national objectives that define US goals or purposes. National security interests include preserving US political identity, framework, and institutions; fostering economic well-being; and bolstering international order supporting the vital interests of the United States and its allies.

national security strategy .
     The art and science of developing, applying, and coordinating the instruments of national power (diplomatic, economic, military, and informational) to achieve objectives that contribute to national security.
     Also called national strategy or grand strategy.
    See also military strategy; national military strategy; strategy; theater strategy.

national security .
A collective term encompassing both national defense and foreign relations of the United States. Specifically, the condition provided by: a. a military or defense advantage over any foreign nation or group of nations, or b. a favorable foreign relations position, or c. a defense posture capable of successfully resisting hostile or destructive action from within or without, overt or covert.
See also security.

national strategy .
The art and science of developing and using the political, economic, and psychological powers of a nation, together with its armed forces, during peace and war, to secure national objectives.
See also strategy.

normal intelligence reports .
A category of reports used in the dissemination of intelligence, which is conventionally used for the immediate dissemination of individual items of intelligence.
See also intelligence reporting; specialist intelligence reports.

nuclear intelligence .
Intelligence derived from the collection and analysis of radiation and other effects resulting from radioactive sources.
Also called NUCINT.

open source intelligence .
Information of potential intelligence value that is available to the general public.
Also called OSINT.

operation plan .
     Any plan, except for the Single Integrated Operation Plan, for the conduct of military operations. Plans are prepared by combatant commanders in response to requirements established by the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and by commanders of subordinate commands in response to requirements tasked by the establishing unified commander. Operation plans are prepared in either a complete format (OPLAN) or as a concept plan (CONPLAN). The CONPLAN can be published with or without a time-phased force development data (TPFDD) file.
     a. OPLAN. An operation plan for the conduct of joint operations that can be used as a basis for development of an operation order (OPORD). An OPLAN identifies the forces and supplies required to execute the CINC&rsquos Strategic Concept and a movement schedule of these resources to the theater of operations. The forces and supplies are identified in TPFDD files. OPLANs will include all phases of the tasked operation. The plan is prepared with the appropriate annexes, appendixes, and TPFDD files as described in the Joint Operation Planning and Execution System manuals containing planning policies, procedures, and formats.
     Also, called OPLAN.
     b. CONPLAN. An operation plan in an abbreviated format that would require considerable expansion or alteration to convert it into an OPLAN or OPORD. A CONPLAN contains the CINC&rsquos Strategic Concept and those annexes and appendixes deemed necessary by the combatant commander to complete planning. Generally, detailed support requirements are not calculated and TPFDD files are not prepared.
     Also called CONPLAN.
     c. CONPLAN with TPFDD. A CONPLAN with TPFDD is the same as a CONPLAN except that it requires more detailed planning for the phased deployment of forces.

operational intelligence .
Intelligence that is required for planning and conducting campaigns and major operations to accomplish strategic objectives within theaters or areas of operations. See also intelligence.

operations security indicators .
     Friendly detectable actions and open-source information that can be interpreted or pieced together by an adversary to derive critical information. operations security measures. Methods and means to gain and maintain essential secrecy about critical information. The following categories apply:
     a. action control The objective is to eliminate indicators or the vulnerability of actions to exploitation by adversary intelligence systems. Select what actions to undertake; decide whether or not to execute actions; and determine the "who," "when," "where," and "how" for actions necessary to accomplish tasks.
     b. countermeasures. The objective is to disrupt effective adversary information gathering or prevent their recognition of indicators when collected materials are processed. Use diversions, camouflage, concealment, jamming, threats, police powers, and force against adversary information gathering and processing capabilities.
     c. counteranalysis The objective is to prevent accurate interpretations of indicators during adversary analysis of collected materials. This is done by confusing the adversary analyst through deception techniques such as covers.

operations security measures .
Methods and means to gain and maintain essential secrecy about critical information. The following categories apply: action control&mdashThe objective is to eliminate indicators or the vulnerability of actions to exploitation by adversary intelligence systems. Select what actions to undertake; decide whether or not to execute actions; and determine the "who," "when," "where," and "how" for actions necessary to accomplish tasks. countermeasures&mdashThe objective is to disrupt effective adversary information gathering or prevent their recognition of indicators when collected materials are processed. Use diversions, camouflage, concealment, jamming, threats, police powers, and force against adversary information gathering and processing capabilities. counteranalysis&mdashThe objective is to prevent accurate interpretations of indicators during adversary analysis of collected materials. This is done by confusing the adversary analyst through deception techniques such as covers.

operations security planning guidance .
Guidance that serves as the blueprint for OPSEC planning by all functional elements throughout the organization. It defines the critical information that requires protection from adversary appreciations, taking into account friendly and adversary goals, estimated key adversary questions, probable adversary knowledge, desirable and harmful adversary appreciations, and pertinent intelligence system threats. It also should outline provisional operations security measures to ensure the requisite essential secrecy.

operations security vulnerability .
A condition in which friendly actions provide operations security indicators that may be obtained and accurately evaluated by an adversary in time to provide a basis for effective adversary decisionmaking.

operations security .
     A process of identifying critical information and subsequently analyzing friendly actions attendant to military operations and other activities to:
     a. Identify those actions that can be observed by adversary intelligence systems.
     b. Determine indicators hostile intelligence systems might obtain that could be interpreted or pieced together to derive critical information in time to be useful to adversaries.
     c. Select and execute measures that eliminate or reduce to an acceptable level the vulnerabilities of friendly actions to adversary exploitation.
     Also called OPSEC.

periodic intelligence summary .
A report of the intelligence situation in a tactical operation, normally produced at corps level or its equivalent, and higher, usually at intervals of 24 hours, or as directed by the commander.
Also called PERINTSUM.

photo nadir .
The point at which a vertical line through the perspective center of the camera lens intersects the photo plane.

photoflash bomb .
A bomb designed to produce a brief and intense illumination for medium altitude night photography.

photogrammetric control .
Control established by photogrammetric methods as distinguished from control established by ground methods.
Also called minor control.

photogrammetry .
The science or art of obtaining reliable measurements from photographic images.

photographic coverage .
The extent to which an area is covered by photography from one mission or a series of missions or in a period of time. Coverage, in this sense, conveys the idea of availability of photography and is not a synonym for the word "photography."

photographic intelligence .
The collected products of photographic interpretation, classified and evaluated for intelligence use.
Also called PHOTINT.

photographic panorama .
A continuous photograph or an assemblage of overlapping oblique or ground photographs which have been matched and joined together to form a continuous photographic representation of the area.

photographic reading .
The simple recognition of natural or manmade features from photographs not involving imageryinterpretation techniques.

photographic scale .
     The ratio of a distance measured on a photograph or mosaic to the corresponding distance on the ground, classified as follows:
    a. very large scale. 1:4,999 and larger
    b. large scale. 1:5,000 to 1:9,999
    c. medium scale. 1:10,000 to 1:24,999
    d. small scale. 1:25,000 to 1:49,999
    e. very small scale. 1:50,000 and smaller
    See also scale.

photomap .
A reproduction of a photograph or photomosaic upon which the grid lines, marginal data, contours, place names, boundaries, and other data may be added.

physical security .
That part of security concerned with physical measures designed to safeguard personnel; to prevent unauthorized Joint Pub 1-02 (As Amended by JMTGMs thru JMTGM-094-95) access to equipment, installations, material, and documents; and to safeguard them against espionage, sabotage, damage, and theft.
See also communications security; protective security; security.

pinpoint .
1. A precisely identified point, especially on the ground, that locates a very priority intelligence requirements. Those intelligence requirements for which a commander has an anticipated and stated priority in his task of planning and decisionmaking.

political intelligence .
Intelligence concerning foreign and domestic policies of governments and the activities of political movements.

political warfare .
Aggressive use of political means to achieve national objectives. they constitute a common initial destination for convoys.

protected frequencies .
Those friendly frequencies used for a particular operation, identified and protected to prevent them from being inadvertently jammed by friendly forces while active electronic warfare operations are directed against hostile forces. These frequencies are of such critical importance that jamming should be restricted unless absolutely necessary or until coordination with the using unit is made. They are generally time-oriented, may change with the tactical situation, and must be updated periodically.

psychological operations .
     Planned operations to convey selected information and indicators to foreign audiences to influence their emotions, motives, objective reasoning, and ultimately the behavior of foreign governments, organizations, groups, and individuals. The purpose of psychological operations is to induce or reinforce foreign attitudes and behavior favorable to the originator's objectives.
    Also called PSYOP.
    See also consolidation psychological operations; overt peacetime psychological operations programs; perception management.

psychological warfare .
     The planned use of propaganda and other psychological actions having the primary purpose of influencing the opinions, emotions, attitudes, and behavior of hostile foreign groups in such a way as to support the achievement of national objectives.
    Also called PSYWAR.
    See also psychological warfare consolidation.

radar advisory .
The term used to indicate that the provision of advice and information is based on radar observation.

radar altimetry area .
A large and comparatively level terrain area with a defined elevation which can be used in determining the altitude of airborne equipment by the use of radar.

radar altitude control mode .
In an automatic flight control system, a control mode in which the height of an aircraft is maintained by reference to signals from a radar altimeter.

radar beacon .
A receiver-transmitter combination which sends out a coded signal when triggered by the proper type of pulse, enabling determination of range and bearing information by the interrogating station or aircraft.

radar camouflage .
The use of radar absorbent or reflecting materials to change the radar echoing properties of a surface of an object.

radar clutter .
Unwanted signals, echoes, or images on the face of the display tube, which interfere with observation of desired signals.

radar countermeasures .
See electronic warfare; chaff.

radar coverage .
The limits within which objects can be detected by one or more radar stations.

radar danning .
In naval mine warfare, a method of navigating by using radar to keep the required distance from a line of dan buoys.

radar deception .
See electromagnetic deception.

radar exploitation report .
A formatted statement of the results of a tactical radar imagery reconnaissance mission. The report includes the interpretation of the sensor imagery.
Also called RADAREXREP.

radar fire .
Gunfire aimed at a target which is tracked by radar.
See also fire.

radar guardship .
Any ship which has been assigned the task by the officer in tactical command of maintaining the radar watch.

radar horizon .
The locus of points at which the rays from a radar antenna become tangential to the Earth's surface. On the open sea this locus is horizontal but on land it varies according to the topographical features of the terrain.

radar imagery .
Imagery produced by recording radar waves reflected from a given target surface.

radar intelligence .
     Intelligence derived from data collected by radar.
     Also called RADINT.
    See also intelligence.

radar netting station .
A center which can receive data from radar tracking stations and exchange this data among other radar tracking stations, thus forming a radar netting system.
See also radar netting unit; radar tracking station.

radar netting unit .
Optional electronic equipment which converts the operations central of certain air defense fire distribution systems to a radar netting station.
See also radar netting station.

radar netting .
The linking of several radars to a single center to provide integrated target information. Joint Pub 1-02 (As Amended by JMTGMs thru JMTGM-094-95)

radar picket CAP .
Radar picket combat air patrol.

radar picket .
Any ship, aircraft, or vehicle, stationed at a distance from the force protected, for the purpose of increasing the radar detection range.

radar reconnaissance .
Reconnaissance by means of radar to obtain information on enemy activity and to determine the nature of terrain.

radar signal film .
The film on which is recorded all the reflected signals acquired by a coherent radar, and which must be viewed or processed through an optical correlator to permit interpretation.

radar silence .
An imposed discipline prohibiting the transmission by radar of electromagnetic signals on some or all frequencies.

radar spoking .
Periodic flashes of the rotating time base on a radial display. Sometimes caused by mutual interference.

radar tracking station .
A radar facility which has the capability of tracking moving targets.

radar .
A radio detection device that provides information on range, azimuth and/or elevation of objects.

radarscope overlay .
A transparent overlay for placing on the radarscope for comparison and identification of radar returns.

radarscope photography .
A film record of the returns shown by a radar screen.

radiac dosimeter .
An instrument used to measure the ionizing radiation absorbed by that instrument.

radiac .
An acronym derived from the words "radioactivity, detection, indication and computation" and used as an all-encompassing term to designate various types of radiological measuring instruments or equipment. (This word is normally used as an adjective.)

radial displacement .
On vertical photographs, the apparent "leaning out," or the apparent displacement of the top of any object having height in relation to its base. The direction of displacement is radial from the principal point on a true vertical, or from the isocentre on a vertical photograph distorted by tip or tilt.

radial .
A magnetic bearing extending from a very high frequency omni-range/tactical air navigation station.

radio beacon .
A radio transmitter which emits a distinctive, or characteristic, signal used for the determination of bearings, courses, or location.
See also beacon.

radio countermeasures .
See electronic warfare.

radio deception .
The employment of radio to deceive the enemy. Radio deception includes sending false dispatches, using deceptive headings, employing enemy call signs, etc.
See also electronic warfare.

radio detection .
The detection of the presence of an object by radio-location without precise determination of its position.

radio direction finding data base .
The aggregate of information, acquired by both airborne and surface means, necessary to provide support to radio direction finding operations to produce fixes on target transmitters/emitters. The resultant bearings and fixes serve as a basis for tactical decisions concerning military operations, including exercises, planned or underway.

radio direction finding .
Radio-location in which only the direction of a station is determined by means of its emissions.

radio fix .
1. The locating of a radio transmitter by bearings taken from two or more direction finding stations, the site of the transmitter being at the point of intersection.
2. The location of a ship or aircraft by determining the direction of radio signals coming to the ship or aircraft from two or more sending stations, the locations of which are known.

radio guard .
A ship, aircraft, or radio station designated to listen for and record transmissions, and to handle traffic on a designated frequency for a certain unit or units.

radio magnetic indicator .
An instrument which displays aircraft heading and bearing to selected radio navigation aids.

radio navigation .
Radio-location intended for the determination of position or direction or for obstruction warning in navigation.

radio range finding .
Radio-location in which the distance of an object is determined by means of its radio emissions, whether independent, reflected, or retransmitted on the same or other wave length.

radio range station .
A radio navigation land station in the aeronautical radio navigation service providing radio equi-signal zones. (In certain instances a radio range station may be placed on board a ship.)

radio recognition .
The determination by radio means of the friendly or enemy character, or the individuality, of another.

radio recognization and identification
See Identification, Friend or Foe.

radio silence .
A condition in which all or certain radio equipment capable of radiation is kept inoperative. (DOD)
(Note: In combined or United States Joint or intra-Service communications the frequency bands and/or types of equipment affected will be specified.)

radio sonobuoy .
See sonobuoy.

radio telegraphy .
The transmission of telegraphic codes by means of radio.

radio telephony .
The transmission of speech by means of modulated radio waves. withdrawal upon completion of the assigned mission.

radiological defense .
Defensive measures taken against the radiation hazards resulting from the employment of nuclear and radiological weapons.

radiological environment .
Conditions found in an area resulting from the presence of a radiological hazard.

radiological monitoring .
See monitoring.

radiological operation .
The employment of radioactive materials or radiation producing devices to cause casualties or restrict the use of terrain. It includes the intentional employment of fallout from nuclear weapons.

radiological survey flight altitude .
The altitude at which an aircraft is flown during an aerial radiological survey.

radiological survey .
The directed effort to determine the distribution and dose rates of radiation in an area.

raid report .
In air defense, one of a series of related reports that are made for the purpose of developing a plot to assist in the rapid evaluation of a tactical situation.

recognition signal .
Any prearranged signal by which individuals or units may identify each other.

recognition .
1. The determination by any means of the individuality of persons, or of objects such as aircraft, ships, or tanks, or of phenomena such as communications-electronics patterns.
2. In ground combat operations, the determination that an object is similar within a category of something already known; e.g., tank, truck, man.

reconnaissance by fire .
A method of reconnaissance in which fire is placed on a suspected enemy position to cause the enemy to disclose a presence by movement or return of fire.

reconnaissance exploitation report .
A standard message format used to report the results of a tactical air reconnaissance mission. Whenever possible the report should include the interpretation of sensor imagery.
Also called RECCEXREP.

reconnaissance in force .
An offensive operation designed to discover and/or test the enemy's strength or to obtain other information.

reconnaissance patrol .
See patrol.

reconnaissance photography .
Photography taken to obtain information on the results of bombing, or on enemy movements, concentrations, activities, and forces. The primary purposes do not include making maps, charts, or mosaics.

reconnaissance .
A mission undertaken to obtain, by visual observation or other detection methods, information about the activities and resources of an enemy or potential enemy, or to secure data concerning t he meteorological, hydrographic, or geographic characteristics of a particular area.

repeater-jammer .
A receiver transmitter device which amplifies, multiplies and retransmits the signals received, for purposes of deception or jamming.

scientific and technical intelligence .
     The product resulting from the collection, evaluation, analysis, and interpretation of foreign scientific and technical information which covers:
     a. foreign developments in basic and applied research and in applied engineering techniques; and
     b. scientific and technical characteristics, capabilities, and limitations of all foreign military systems, weapons, weapon systems, and materiel, the research and development related thereto, and the production methods employed for their manufacture.

shadow .
The tone contrast difference of infrared linescan imagery which is caused by a thermal gradient which persists as a result of a shadow of an object which has been moved.

side looking airborne radar .
An airborne radar, viewing at right angles to the axis of the vehicle, which produces a presentation of terrain or moving targets. (DOD)
Also called SLAR.

side oblique air photograph .
An oblique photograph taken with the camera axis at right angles to the longitudinal axis of the aircraft.

SIGINT direct service activity .
A signals intelligence (SIGINT) activity composed of collection and associated resources that normally performs in a direct service role under the SIGINT operational control of the Director, National Security Agency/Chief, Central Security Service.
See also signals intelligence.

SIGINT direct service .
A reporting procedure to provide signals intelligence (SIGINT) to a military commander or other authorized recipient in response to SIGINT requirements. The product may vary from recurring, serialized reports produced by the National Security Agency/Central Security Service to instantaneous aperiodic reports provided to the command or other recipient, usually from a fixed SIGINT activity engaged in collection and processing.
See also signals intelligence.

SIGINT direct support unit .
A signals intelligence (SIGINT) unit, usually mobile, designed to perform a SIGINT direct support role for a military commander under delegated authority from the Director, National Security Agency/Chief, Central Security Service.
See also signals intelligence.

SIGINT direct support .
The provision of signals intelligence (SIGINT) information to a military commander by a SIGINT direct support unit in response to SIGINT operational tasking levied by that commander.
See also signals intelligence.

SIGINT operational control .
The authoritative direction of signals intelligence (SIGINT) activities, including tasking and allocation of effort, and the authoritative prescription of those uniform techniques and standards by which SIGINT information is collected, processed, and reported.
See also signals intelligence.

SIGINT operational tasking authority .
     A military commander's authority to operationally direct and levy signals intelligence (SIGINT) requirements on designated SIGINT resources; includes authority to deploy and redeploy all or part of the SIGINT resources for which SIGINT operational tasking authority has been delegated.
     Also called SOTA.
     See also signals intelligence.

SIGINT operational tasking .
The authoritative operational direction of and direct levying of signals intelligence (SIGINT) information needs by a military commander on designated SIGINT resources. These requirements are directive, irrespective of other priorities, and are conditioned only by the capability of those resources to produce such information. Operational tasking includes authority to deploy all or part of the SIGINT resources for which SIGINT operational tasking authorityhas been delegated.
See also signals intelligence.

SIGINT resources .
Personnel and equipment of any unit, activity, or organizational element engaged in signals intelligence (SIGINT) activities.
See also signals intelligence.

SIGINT support plans .
Plans prepared by the National Security Agency/Central Security Service, in coordination with concerned elements of the United States SIGINT system, which specify how the resources of the system will be aligned in crisis or war to support military operations covered by certain JCS and unified and specified command operation plans.
See also signals intelligence.

SIGINT .
See signals intelligence.

signal center .
A combination of signal communication facilities operated by the Army in the field and consisting of a communications center, telephone switching central and appropriate means of signal communications.
See also communications center.

signal letters .
See international call sign.

signal operation instructions .
A series of orders issued for technical control and coordination of the signal communication activities of a command. In Marine Corps usage, these instructions are designated communication operation instructions.

signal security .
A generic term that includes both communications security and electronics security.
See also security.

signal .
1. As applied to electronics, any transmitted electrical impulse.
2. Operationally, a type of message, the text of which consists of one or more letters, words, characters, signal flags, visual displays, or special sounds with prearranged meaning, and which is conveyed or transmitted by visual, acoustical, or electrical means.

signals intelligence .
     1. A category of intelligence comprising either individually or in combination all communications intelligence, electronics intelligence, and foreign instrumentation signals intelligence, however transmitted.
     2. Intelligence derived from communications, electronics, and foreign instrumentation signals.
     Also called SIGINT.
     See also communications intelligence; electronics intelligence; intelligence; foreign instrumentation signals intelligence.

signal-to-noise ratio .
The ratio of the amplitude of the desired signal to the amplitude of noise signals at a given point in time.

signature equipment .
Any item of equipment which reveals the type and nature of the unit or formation to which it belongs.

situation assessment .
Assessment produced by combining military geography, weather, and threat data to provide a comprehensive projection of the situation for the decisionmaker.

special reconnaissance .
Reconnaissance and surveillance actions conducted by special operations forces to obtain or verify, by visual observation or other collection methods, information concerning the capabilities, intentions, and activities of an actual or potential enemy or to secure data concerning the meteorological, hydrographic, or geographic characteristics of a particular area. It includes target acquisition, area assessment, and post-strike reconnaissance.
Also called SR.

specific intelligence collection requirement .
An identified gap in intelligence holdings that may be satisfied only by collection action, and that has been validated by the appropriate requirements control authority.
Also called SICR.

specific search .
Reconnaissance of a limited number of points for specific information.

spectrum management .
Planning, coordinating, and managing joint use of the electromagnetic spectrum through operational, engineering, and administrative procedures, with the objective of enabling electronic systems to perform their functions in the intended environment without causing or suffering unacceptable interference.
See also electromagnetic spectrum; electronic warfare.

standardization .
     The process by which the Department of Defense achieves the closest practicable cooperation among the Services and Defense agencies for the most efficient use of research, development, and production resources, and agrees to adopt on the broadest possible basis the use of:
     a. common or compatible operational, administrative, and logistic procedures;
     b. common or compatible technical procedures and criteria;
     c. common, compatible, or interchangeable supplies, components, weapons, or equipment; and
     d. common or compatible tactical doctrine with corresponding organizational compatibility.

strategic intelligence .
Intelligence that is required for the formulation of strategy, policy, and military plans and operations at national and theater levels.

strategy .
The art and science of developing and using political, economic, psychological, and military forces as necessary during peace and war, to afford the maximum support to policies, in order to increase the probabilities and favorable, consequences of victory and to lessen the chances of defeat.

suppression of enemy air defenses .
That activity which neutralizes, destroys or temporarily degrades surface-based enemy air defenses by destructive and/or disruptive means.
Also called SEAD.

surveillance .
The systematic observation of aerospace, surface or subsurface areas, places, persons, or things, by visual, aural, electronic, photographic, or other means.

synchronization .
1. The arrangement of military actions in time, space, and purpose to produce maximum relative combat power at a decisive place and time.
2. In the intelligence context, application of intelligence sources and methods in concert with the operational plan.

system .
Any organized assembly of resources and procedures united and regulated by interaction or interdependence to accomplish as set of specific functions.

taboo frequencies .
Any friendly frequency of such importance that it must never be deliberately jammed or interfered with by friendly forces. Normally these frequencies include international distress, stop buzzer, safety and controller frequencies. These frequencies are generally long standing. However, they may be time-oriented in that, as the combat or exercise situation changes, the restriction may be removed.

tactical deception group .
A task organization that conducts deception operations against the enemy, including electronic, communication, visual, and other methods designed to misinform and confuse the enemy.

tactical digital information link .
     A Joint Staff approved, standardized communication link suitable for transmission of digital information. Current practice is to characterize a tactical digital information link (TADIL) by its standardized message formats and transmission characteristics. TADILs interface two or more command and control or weapons systems via a single or multiple network architecture and multiple communication media for exchange of tactical information.
     a. TADIL-A. A secure, half-duplex, netted digital data link utilizing parallel transmission frame characteristics and standard message formats at either 1364 or 2250 bits per second. It is normally operated in a roll-call mode under control of a net control station to exchange digital information among airborne, land-based, and shipboard systems. NATO's equivalent is Link 11.
     b. TADIL B. A secure, full-duplex, point-to-point digital data link utilizing serial transmission frame characteristics and standard message formats at either 2400, 1200, or 600 bits per second. It interconnects tactical air defense and air control units. NATO's equivalent is Link 11B.
     c. TADIL-C&mdashAn unsecure, time-division digital data link utilizing serial transmission characteristics and standard message formats at 5000 bits per second from a controlling unit to controlled aircraft. Information exchange can be one-way (controlling unit to controlled aircraft) or two-way. NATO's equivalent is Link 4.
     d. TADIL-J. A secure, high capacity, jam-resistant, nodeless data link which uses the transmission characteristics and the protocols, conventions, and fixed-length message formats defined by the JTIDS Technical Interface Design Plan (TIDP). NATO's equivalent is Link 16.
     e. Army Tactical Data Link 1 (ATDL-1). A secure, full-duplex, point-to-point digital data link utilizing serial transmission frame characteristics and standard message formats at a basic speed of 1200 bits per second. It interconnects tactical air control systems and Army or Marine tactical air defense oriented systems.
     f. Interim JTIDS Message Specification (IJMS). A secure, high capacity, jam-resistant, nodeless interim message specification that uses the Joint Tactical Information Distribution System (JTIDS) transmission characteristics and the protocols, conventions, and fixed-length message formats defined by the IJMS. See also airborne tactical data system; data link.

tactical information processing and interpretation system .
A tactical, mobile, land-based, automated information-handling system designed to store and retrieve intelligence information and to process and interpret imagery or nonimagery data.
Also called TIPI.

tactical intelligence .
Intelligence that is required for planning and conducting tactical operations.

target acquisition .
The detection, identification, and location of a target in sufficient detail to permit the effective employment of weapons.
See also target analysis.

target analysis .
An examination of potential targets to determine military importance, priority of attack, and weapons required to obtain a desired level of damage or casualties.
See also target acquisition. Joint Pub 1-02

target approach point .
In air transport operations, a navigational check point over which the final turn into the drop zone/landing zone is made.
See also initial point.

target area survey base .
A base line used for the locating of targets or other points by the intersection of observations from two stations located at opposite ends on the line.

target array .
A graphic representation of enemy forces, personnel, and facilities in a specific situation, accompanied by a target analysis.

target audience .
An individual or group selected for influence or attack by means of psychological operations.

target base line .
A line connecting prime targetsalong the periphery of a geographic area.

target bearing .
1. true. The true compass bearing of a target from a firing ship . 2. relative. The bearing of a target measured in the horizontal from the bow of one's own ship clockwise from 0 degrees to 360 degrees, or from the nose of one's own aircraft in hours of the clock.

target CAP .
See target combat air patrol.

target classification .
A grouping of targets in accordance with their threat to the amphibious task force and its component elements: targets not to be fired upon prior to D-day and targets not to be destroyed except on direct orders.

target combat air patrol .
A patrol of fighters maintained over an enemy target area to destroy enemy aircraft and to cover friendly shipping in the vicinity of the target area in amphibious operations.
See also combat air patrol.

target complex .
A geographically integrated series of target concentrations. See also target.

target component .
A major element of a target complex or target. It is any machinery, stucture, personnel, or other productive asset that contributes to the operation or output of the target complex or target.
See also target; target critical damage point.

target concentration .
A grouping of geographically proximate targets.
See also target; target complex.

target critical damage point .
     The part of a target component that is most vital.
     Also called critical node.
     See also target; target component.

target data inventory .
A basic targeting program which provides a standardized target data in support of the requirements of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Military Departments, and unified and specified commands for target planning coordination and weapons application.

target date .
The date on which it is desired that an action be accomplished or initiated.

target description .
See description of target.

target director post .
A special control element of the tactical air control system. It performs no air warning service but is used to position friendly aircraft over predetermined target coordinates, or other geographical locations, under all weather conditions.

target discrimination .
The ability of a surveillance or guidance system to identify or engage any one target when multiple targets are present.

target dossier .
A file of assembled target intelligence about a specific geographic area.

target folder .
A folder containing target intelligence and related materials prepared for planning and executing action against a specific target.

target intelligence .
Intelligence which portrays and locates the components of a target or target complex and indicates its vulnerability and relative importance.

target list .
The listing of targets maintained and promulgated by the senior echelon of command; it contains those targets that are to be engaged by supporting arms, as distinguished from a "list of targets" that may be maintained by any echelon as confirmed, suspected, or possible targets for informational and planning purposes.
See also joint target list; list of targets.

target materials .
Graphic, textual, tabular, digital, video, or other presentations of target intelligence, primarily designed to support operations against designated targets by one or more weapon(s) systems. Target materials are suitable for training, planning, executing, and evaluating military operations. See also air target materials program.

target of opportunity .
1. A target visible to a surface or air sensor or observer, which is within range of available weapons and against which fire has not been scheduled or requested.
2. nuclear. A nuclear target observed or detected after an operation begins that has not been previously considered, analyzed or planned for a nuclear strike. Generally fleeting in nature, it should be attacked as soon as possible within the time limitations imposed for coordination and warning of friendly troops and aircraft.

target overlay .
A transparent sheet which, when superimposed on a particular chart, map, drawing, tracing or other representation, depicts target locations and designations. The target overlay may also show boundaries between maneuver elements, objectives and friendly forward dispositions.

target pattern .
The flight path of aircraft during the attack phase.
Also called attack pattern.

target priority .
A grouping of targets with the indicated sequence of attack.

target range .
See range.

target response (nuclear) .
The effect on men, material, and equipment of blast, heat, light, and nuclear radiation resulting from the explosion of a nuclear weapon.

target signature .
1. The characteristic pattern of a target displayed by detection and identification equipment.
2. In naval mine warfare, the variation in the influence field produced by the passage of a ship or sweep.

target stress point .
     The weakest point (most vulnerable to damage) on the critical damage point.
     Also called vulnerable node.
     See also target critical damage point.

target system component .
A set of targets belonging to one or more groups of industries and basic utilities required to produce component parts of an end product such as periscopes, or one type of a series of interrelated commodities, such as aviation gasoline.

target system .
     1. All the targets situated in a particular geographic area and functionally related. (DOD)
     2. A group of targets which are so related that their destruction will produce some particular effect desired by the attacker.
     See also target complex.

target .
     1. A geographical area, complex, or installation planned for capture or destruction by military forces.
     2. In intelligence usage, a country, area, installation, agency, or person against which intelligence operations are directed.
     3. An area designated and numbered for future firing.
     4. In gunfire support usage, an impact burst which hits the target.
     See also objective area.

targeting .
     1. The process of selecting targets and matching the appropriate response to them, taking account of operational requirements and capabilities.
     2. The analysis of enemy situations relative to the commander's mission, objectives, and capabilities at the commander's disposal, to identify and nominate specific vulnerabilities that, if exploited, will accomplish the commander's purpose through delaying, disrupting, disabling, or destroying enemy forces or resources critical to the enemy.
     See also joint targeting coordination board.

tear line .
A physical line on an intelligence message or document which separates categories of information that have been approved for foreign disclosure or release. Normally, the intelligence below the tear line is that which has been previously cleared for disclosure or release.

technical intelligence .
Intelligence derived from exploitation of foreign material, produced for strategic, operational, and tactical level commanders. Technical intelligence begins when an individual service member finds something new on the battlefield and takes the proper steps to report it. The item is then exploited at succeedingly higher levels until a countermeasure is produced to neutralize the adversary&rsquos technological advantage.
Also called TECHINT.

technical operational intelligence .
A Defense Intelligence Agency initiative to provide enhanced scientific and technical intelligence to the commanders of unified commands and their subordinates through a closed loop system involving all Service and Defense Intelligence Agency scientific and technical intelligence centers. Through a system manager in the National Military Joint Intelligence Center, the technical operational intelligence program provides timely collection, analysis, and dissemination of area of responsibility specific scientific and technical intelligence to combatant commanders and their subordinates for planning, training, and executing joint operations. Also called TOPINT.

technical surveillance countermeasures .
     Includes techniques and measures to detect and neutralize a wide variety of hostile penetration technologies that are used to obtain unauthorized access to classified and sensitive information. Technical penetrations include the employment of optical, electro-optical, electromagnetic, fluidics, and acoustic means, as the sensor and transmission medium, or the use of various types of stimulation or modification to equipment or building components for the direct or indirect transmission of information meant to be protected.
     Also called TSCM.
     See also counterintelligence.

technical survey .
A complete electronic and physical inspection to ascertain that offices, conference rooms, war rooms, and other similar locations where classified information is discussed are free of monitoring systems.
See also sweep.

telemetry intelligence .
     Technical intelligence derived from the intercept, processing, and analysis of foreign telemetry. Telemetry intelligence is a category of foreign instrumentation signals intelligence.
     Also called TELINT.
     See also electronics intelligence; intelligence; foreign instrumentation signals intelligence.

television imagery .
Imagery acquired by a television camera and recorded or transmitted electronically.

thermal imagery .
I magery produced by sensing and recording the thermal energy emitted or reflected from the objects which are imaged.

thermal radiation .
1. The heat and light produced by a nuclear explosion. (DOD)
2. Electromagnetic radiations emitted from a heat or light source as a consequence of its temperature; it consists essentially of ultraviolet, visible, and infrared radiations.

transponder .
A receiver-transmitter which will generate a reply signa, upon proper interrogation.
See also responsor.

unintentional radiation intelligence .
Intelligence derived from the collection and analysis of noninformation-bearing elements extracted from the electromagnetic energy unintentionally emanated by foreign devices, equipment, and systems, excluding those generated by the detonation of nuclear weapons.
Also called RINT.

unmanned aerial vehicle .
A powered, aerial vehicle that does not carry a human operator, uses aerodynamic forces to provide vehicle lift, can fly autonomously or be piloted remotel, can be expendable or recoverable, and can carry a lethal or nonlethal payload. Ballistic or semiballistic vehicles, cruise missiles, and artillery projectiles are not considered unmanned aerial vehicles.
Also called UAV.

validation .
1. A process normally associated with the collection of intelligence that provides official status to an identified requirement and confirms that the requirement is appropriate for a given collector and has not been previously satisfied.
2. In computer modeling and simulation, the process of determining the degree to which a model o r s i m u l a t i o n i s a n a c c u r a t e representation of the real world from the perspective of the intended uses of the model or simulation.

VOR .
An air navigational radio aid which uses phase comparison of a ground transmitted signal to determine bearing. This term is derived from the words "very high frequency omnidirectional radio range."

wartime reserve modes .
Characteristics and operating procedures of sensor, communications, navigation aids, threat recognition, weapons, and countermeasures systems that will contribute to military effectiveness if unknown to or misunderstood by opposing commanders before they are used, but could be exploited or neutralized if known in advance. Wartime reserve modes are deliberately held in reserve for wartime or emergency use and seldom, if ever, applied or intercepted prior to such use.
Also called WARM.

weaponeering .
The process of determining the quantity of a specific type of lethal or nonlethal weapons required to achieve a specific level of damage to a given target, considering target vulnerability, weapon effect, munitions delivery accuracy, damage criteria, probability of kill, and weapon reliability.

Electronic Warfare and Associated Terms

Electronic Warfare and Associated
Terms